The Sanskrit term Ayas means metal and can refer to bronze, copper or iron.
1. The Rig Veda alludes to ayas, and furthermore expresses that the Dasyus had Ayas (Rig Veda 2.20.8). In Rig Veda 4.2.17, "the divine beings [are] refining like metal the human ages".
2. The Atharva Veda and the Satapatha Brahmana allude to krsna ayas ("dark metal"), which could be iron. In later messages this term alludes to press. In prior messages, it might actually additionally allude to more obscure than-copper bronze, an amalgam of copper and tin. Copper can likewise get dark by warming it. Oxidation with the utilization of sulfides can create a similar impact.
The Atharva Veda (Shukranti 4.7.194-196) makes reference to the method of creation of lead shots or granules, the rough method of atomisation of fluid metals. These lead shots were utilized like slugs for rebuffing criminals.
3. The Yajurveda appears to know iron as well. In the Taittiriya Samhita are references to ayas and in any event one reference to smiths. The Satapatha Brahmana 6.1.3.5 alludes to the refining of metallic metal.
4. In the Manu Smriti (6.71), the accompanying similarity is found: "For as the contaminations of metallic minerals, liquefied in the impact (of a heater), are burned-through, even so the pollutants of the organs are annihilated through the concealment of the breath." Metal was additionally utilized in farming as well.
Manusmriti (2.29) additionally specifies that before the navel string is cut, the jatkarma service should be performed for a male kid, taking care of him gold residue, nectar and explained spread. This is likewise depicted in the Sushruta Samhita (Sarir 10.12).
5. In the Charaka Samhita a relationship happens that most likely alludes to the lost wax method. The Silpasastras (the Manasara, the Manasollasa (Abhilashitartha Chintamani) and the Uttarabhaga of Silparatna) portray the lost wax strategy in detail.
6. The Silappadikaram says that copper-smiths were in Puhar (Tamil Nadu) and in Madura (Indonesia). As indicated by the History of the Han Dynasty by Ban Gu, Kashmir and "Tien-chu" were wealthy in metals.
7. A considerable lot of the antiquated Sanskrit messages contain guidelines on metal work, for example, the structure of heaters as found in the Brihad-vimana-shastram, or roars, or the creation of metal powders or covers or paste, as in the Rasendra-sara-sangrahah, Shilpa-ratnam, and Rasa-ratna-samucchaya, all from the ninth, eleventh and twelfth hundreds of years CE.
A persuasive Indian metallurgist and chemist was Nagarjuna (conceived 931). He composed the composition Rasaratnakara that manages arrangements of rasa (mercury) compounds. It gives an overview of the situation with metallurgy and speculative chemistry in the land. Extraction of metals like silver, gold, tin and copper from their minerals and their cleansing were likewise referenced in the composition. The Rasa Ratnasamuccaya portrays the extraction and utilization of copper.